Friday, May 31, 2019

The Death of the ‘Authorlessness Theory’? Essay -- Essays Papers

The Death of the germlessness Theory? Lets face it. Can one fully buy into Roland Barthes claim that The birth of the endorser must be at the cost of the death of the Author? (172). Even if it is language which speaks, not the author (168), an author is responsible for the creation of a anomalous sequence of words in a novel, a poem or an article. The brookvas on which freeplaying signifiers paint themselves seems so vast to Barthes that the writer can entirely imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original (170). His claim, when taken at face value, is equivalent to saying that since paint exists, there can be no Painter. But it would be a faux pas give his idea such a nave readinga reading strictly have a bun in the oven to written texts. When applied to projects such as Group art, music and film, his theory gains greater validity. Three such works that illustrate the complexities of authorship are Judy gelts The dinner party troupe (1979), Gra m Parsons second solo album, Grievous Angel (1974), and the 1939 MGM film version of The Wizard of Oz. Adding to Barthes idea proposed in The Death of the Author will be discussions of Michel Foucaults What is the Author? and Andrew Sarris auteur theory to understand the complexities of claiming authorship. These examples will show that the Author is a construct that might not disappear as quickly as Barthes and Foucault had anticipated. A discussion of The Dinner Party group project is an excellent starting point to explore definitions of The Author and authority. First, to what extent can fine art be authored (or rather, can a non-text be authored)? Second, who should receive credit? A simple dictionary definition of author will contain ... ...e of MGMand the Miracle of Production 1060. Special 60th Ann. ed. New York Hyperion, 1998. Jones, Amelia. Sexual Politics Feminist Strategies, Feminist Conflicts, Feminist Histories. Sexual Politics Judy Chicagos Din ner Party in Feminist Art History. Ed. Amelia Jones. Berkeley University of California Press, 1996. 20-38. - - - . The Sexual Politics of The Dinner Party A Critical Context. Sexual Politics Judy Chicagos Dinner Party in Feminist Art History. Ed. Amelia Jones. Berkeley University of California Press, 1996. 82-118. MacDonald, Ian. Revolution in the Head The Beatles Records and the Sixties. Rev. ed. London Pimlico, 1998. Rushdie, Salman. The Wizard of Oz. London BFI Publishing, 1992. Sarris, Andrew. The American Cinema Directors and Directions 1929-1968. New York Da Capo Press, 1996.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Lost Innocence and Buried Emotions :: essays research papers fc

Lost Innocence and Buried EmotionsHave you ever had a special relationship with a sibling or spouse? total heat and Lyman did in the Red Convertible by Louise Erdrich. They grew up on an Indian qualification in Minnesota and were the first ones to own a convertible, which allowed them to leave the reservation and experience life outside of it. That summer they grew close as they traveled from Minnesota to the Little Knife River in North Dakota, eventually finding themselves on the Rocky Boy Reservation in Montana We went places in that car, me and Henry. We took off driving one whole summer(Erdrich, 365). Upon returning from their travels, Henrys skeleton number was called and he joined the marines and was sent to fight in Vietnam I dont wonder that the army was so glad to get my buddy that they turned him into a Marine (Erdrich, 366). Like Henry, I returned from war with my innocence lost and emotions buried so deeply that I found it difficult to reconnect with the love ones in my life.Henry returned from the war a changed man. Somewhere in Vietnam, his innocence had been lost and his emotions buried deep under all of the death and destruction that skirt him for nearly three years. When he came home, though, Henry was very different, and Ill say this the change was no good (Erdrich, 366). He had changed from an easygoing, good-natured fellow into someone who seldom laughed, often looking for the worst in people with a cold and calculating stare. Seeing this, Lyman realized that his relationship with Henry was forever changed.The Gulf warfare had the same effect on me as Vietnam had on Henry, and like Lyman, Audrey, my wife noticed similar changes in me, affecting our relationship. For years, I was emotionally dead. Eventually, I had to take away with my emotions or I would lose my wife, for she could not live with someone that had become so emotionally disconnected from everything around him. So, I decided to take a few months off, and Audrey and I load ed up our grey ford truck and traveled throughout Texas and Mexico. With her help, I was able to learn how to feel again, unlike Henry, who matte that his only cure was to let his boots fill up with water. My Boots are filling, he says (Erdrich, 370).Though we fought in different wars decades and miles apart, like so many others Henry and I lost our innocence and buried our emotions.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Essay --

Kashayla SnipesDr. Nancy BlairEnglish Composition 1102February 25, 2014Othello A Tragedy of JealosuyJealousy is troublesome to others, but a torment to themselves. Those are words from a famous entrepreneur and philosopher, William Penn. In William Shakespeares Othello, the act of jealousy is a powerful sensation seen almost in every aspect and relationship throughout the tragedy. Furthermore, it is one of the most important topics in the play. Based on the conflicts within Othello, jealousy can be define as troubles or misfortune caused by hallucinations. At the same time, Millicent Bell states in his essay, Othellos Jealousy that the characters are driven to madness by cosmos allowed to see what really is not so or simply using imagination. Bell also goes on to say the jealousy traits are shown only in a sexual manner. That statement can be argued against. True enough, sexual jealousy is shown in Othello, but it is not the only form of jealousy exposed. correspond to Medical Dic tionary, sexual jealousy is a condition characterized by suspicion of a spouses infideli...

White Attitudes Towards Nature Essay -- Racial Relations, Indian, Whit

In Luther rest Bears Nature and Louis Owenss The American Indian state of disposition, the authors dictate differences in Indian and white relationships with record. They stress how Indians see nature, their balanced relationship with it, and how Indians know wilderness is just a European idea. Though agreeing here, Standing Bear focuses on how Indians truly lived while Owens reveals more of both sides and has hope that white images can shift.Standing Bear thinks the difference in how whites and Indians see nature stems from childhood. He believes Indian children are aware of nature because they have been taught to become conscious of life and spend time observing the wild around them (9). By seeing the world this way, their love and respect for it flourishes (10). He says this appreciation sharply contrasts to ignorant whites who thoughtlessly play as children, ignoring everything but each other, and grow up disregarding the knowledge nature gives, seeing only what they can use . He thinks whites are bored with nature because they do non have the Indian extremum of view (11). The distance whites have from nature harms their relationship with it and humans, making them less compassionate when they do not see mans heart, away from nature, becomes unvoiced (Standing Bear 12).Similarly, Owens says whites see nature differently because of childhood experiences. Instead of growing up daily in nature, white children sporadically go camping, and thus view nature as a tourist attraction instead of a second home. He states Indians embrace nature because it has a stronger family significance to them that whites do not see. Indians call the Cascades the Great Mother because of stories they have heard growing up, and things like this ca... ...s have led him to think whites go away never change and that the twain races can not understand each other (12). On the other hand, Owens has hope for whites because he did not grow up with Indian traditions and he witnessed the U.S. Forest wait on protecting nature when he was sent to burn the shed. (11).Indians comprehend and value nature more than whites and these authors recognize that. They believe the trouble with white attitudes is they do not truly see nature or form harmonious relationships, and whites think they can be separated from their idea of wilderness. Although Standing Bear is critical of whites and believes they will never change, Owens thinks they will if they continue to redefine how they view nature and try to connect with it. Overall, both authors want whites to respect the Indian way of living with nature and aspire to be that way also.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Tension and Atmosphere in The Red Room by H.G.Wells, The Signalman by C

Tension and Atmosphere in The Red Room by H.G. come up, The guideman by Charles deuce and A Withered Arm by doubting Thomas HardyTo investigate tension and atmosphere, I have looked at three pre1900pieces- The Red Room H.G.Wells, The Signalman, Charles Dickens, &A Withered Arm Thomas Hardy. They manipulation a variety of differenttechniques, each with their own individual style but achieving thesame overall effect. They focus on setting, description of characters& use of language.The Red Room is a tale of a man on a quest to discover the truth aboutthe legend of The Red Room in Lorraine Castle, as the young mansfate unfolds the earshot are led with him, they feel his worry, hearhis thoughts and experience his terror. The Red Room has such amystery behind it, fear itself nearly leads him to his death. A talethat lacks warmth and everything about it instils terror.The title of the story has a suggestive air, the word red makes the hearing think of blood, danger, and death, in The Signal Man, redis also the main focus colour for the same reasons but this time inthe form of the danger light in the mouth of the tunnel.H.G. Wells writes in the first person so the audience can follow whatis happening and believe they are there, I have lived The openingline sets the tone of the story, and the audience is filled withanticipation. The narrator is very confident, which is displayedalmost immediately I can assure you, it will take a very tangibleghost to frighten me. The audience is then effectively led into anearly assumption that the narrator will be proved wrong, that therewill be a ghost, and it will, most for sure frighten him.The setting is described in clues hidden thr... ...oy it more. Therefore this raises questions in the audiences mind,if only he had gone straight there, he may of saved the piteous manslife, if only, he had believed him. Finally, that it now lookedincredibly doubtful that it was coincidence what the signalman hadimagined, the words, gest ure and even the manner of the traindriver that had cut him down. Pity is also a great part in theconclusion it makes the story have a more memorable and sadatmosphere. Finally the way that the narrator, whom had written thestory after it had happened, finished of by giving the audience yetmore to think about, reminding us of its obscurities, unbelievablecoincidences and in turn reinforcing the mournful atmosphere.close at the mouth of the tunnel, I saw the appearance of a man,with his left sleeve across his eyes, passionately waving his rightarm.

Tension and Atmosphere in The Red Room by H.G.Wells, The Signalman by C

Tension and Atmosphere in The Red Room by H.G.Wells, The Signalman by Charles Dickens and A Withered Arm by Thomas HardyTo investigate tension and atmosphere, I aim looked at three pre1900pieces- The Red Room H.G.Wells, The Signalman, Charles Dickens, &A Withered Arm Thomas Hardy. They use a variety of contrastingtechniques, each with their own individual style but achieving thesame overall effect. They centre on setting, description of characters& use of language.The Red Room is a account of a man on a quest to discover the truth aboutthe legend of The Red Room in Lorraine Castle, as the young mansfate unfolds the earreach are led with him, they feel his fear, hearhis thoughts and experience his terror. The Red Room has such amystery behind it, fear itself n archean leads him to his death. A talethat lacks transport and everything about it instils terror.The title of the story has a suggestive air, the word red makes theaudience think of blood, danger, and death, in The Signal Man, redis also the main focus colour for the same reasons but this time inthe form of the danger light in the mouth of the tunnel.H.G. Wells writes in the first person so the audience can follow whatis happening and believe they are there, I have lived The openingline sets the tone of the story, and the audience is filled withanticipation. The narrator is very confident, which is displayed or so immediately I can assure you, it will take a very tangibleghost to frighten me. The audience is then effectively led into anearly assumption that the narrator will be proved wrong, that therewill be a ghost, and it will, most certainly frighten him.The setting is described in clues hidden thr... ...oy it more. Therefore this raises questions in the audiences mind,if only he had gone straight there, he may of saved the poor manslife, if only, he had believed him. Finally, that it now lookedincredibly obscure that it was coincidence what the signalman hadimagined, the words, gesture and e ven the appearance of the traindriver that had cut him down. Pity is also a great factor in theconclusion it makes the story have a more memorable and sadatmosphere. Finally the way that the narrator, whom had written thestory after it had happened, finished of by giving the audience yetmore to think about, reminding us of its obscurities, unbelievablecoincidences and in turn reinforcing the mournful atmosphere.close at the mouth of the tunnel, I saw the appearance of a man,with his left sleeve crossways his eyes, passionately waving his rightarm.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Working at McDonalds by Amitai Etzioni

In response to Working at McDonalds by Amitai Etzioni I think that Etzioni is way off on his evaluation of the low geargonr skill, lower salaried jobs in America. He makes it sound as if the employer must provide any(prenominal) sort of skill along with their jobs that will provide a learning experience. Why? Where in the Constitution does it state that employers must provide their employees with training man paying them to do work? It does not.And what of the people that choose jobs such as those provided by McDonalds simply because they wish to have less responsibility, as is shown in the juvenile movie American Pie. In this movie the main character quit his corporate, good paying job and applied for a regular burger flipping position at McDonalds because he was tired of the stress. And what about higher pay and benefits? The way the American economic system is set up, there must be some low paying jobs because there is always menial tasks that must be done and unskilled worke rs to do them.Say for instance, that everyone was guaranteed at least ten dollars an hour, no content what the job was. There would therefore be no reason for some people to get an education because they knew they would have a decent job paying at least ten dollars an hour. This would also upset the people who had gotten an education only to find out they made little or no more than than uneducated people now. Employers, now that they had to pay drastically higher wages, would have to charge much higher prices.Now the people earning the higher wages are right back to where they started, because the extra money they earn now just goes back to the employer. Its just a vicious cycle, and higher wages or jobs that teach new skills to those who dont need them are just not practical. As hard as you argue, the simple fact sticks is ugly channel out, there are always low pay, low skill jobs for those who have no wish to better themselves in life.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Financial Aid Essay

The role of m peerlesstary assist in college access and success is immense. Lack of adequate financing of education make numerous scholars from low income backgrounds fail to realize their educational aspirations (Reindl, 2007). It is from this premise that obstacles which accompany financial attention to low income students come to fore. The influence of aid on the enrollment sedulousness of students consists of interre posthumousd factors which include timing, amount and type of aid and how they correlate with persistence among other attributes that relate to students (Pasc atomic number 18lla & Terenzini 2005)Although it is prudent to consider the positive implications of financial aid to barren students, especially those of the minority groups that exact felt sidelined for long, the question of how best to carry out the financing should be looked into. Many a student in utmoster(prenominal) education fails to get hold of high academic movement due to their inability to focus on academics prompted by frustrated efforts to get financing. Financiers of the education of such student need to look into their procedures to be followed by students seeking financing of their education.This is in terms of the conditions to be satisfied by the needy students as well as the length of time the financial assistance will take before the recipient gets his / her college account credited. The reason for this is that not all institutions have provision for late arrival of the aid. The implication on that pointfore if the aid delays is that the student will be forced to be out of the institution for some time, a matter which may make them fail to do their exams, tutorials, researches and vital littleons.In the long run such students will have low aggregate points and consequently failing to achieve their r personal educational and life goals. When the aid delays, or when the procedures to be followed in securing one prove to be too taxing, students get undue st ress. This has remote reaching implications both in terms of their health and general academic performance. In the long run, assistance will be a problem added to their financial incapacitation (Immerwahr 2003). Literature review Several researches have been undertaken on the problems that students under finance aid scheme face.Most of them point to the fact that financial aid stinkpot be an impediment and not a solution to students academic issues related to finance especially if the student fraternity is not informed of the availability and procedures In his journal With diploma in Hand Hispanic High School Seniors Talk about Their Future, Immerwahr, J. (2003) uses interviews to highlight the challenges that these students faced in college as farthermost as financial aid among other things are concerned. He interviewed 50 Hispanic High School seniors in San Antonio, Santa Clara Tucson, Chicago and New York.His findings were that many students on financial aid had difficulties a t the end of it all because the aid was unpredictable making the students to be stressed. This is echoed by Stampen and Cabrera, (2007) who used questionnaires and interviews in their quest to know the set up of financial aid packaging on attrition and Pascarella and Terenzini (2005) in their journal How College Affects Students A Third Decade of Research who use the same methods to expound on what affects students in college.A variety of issues are raised including the moral and social growth for some and despair for those dependent on finance aid which in most cases is unpredictable. Students may also fail to estimate how much in terms of amount of aid they require. The amount they get can be less than what is sufficient for them to complete their education. The aid that they get can be in the form of loans, institute try opportunities or grants and scholarships. In the case of work dissect opportunities, the students may not get sufficient time for their studies as they are r equired to work also.This creates a lot of stress on the aid beneficiaries harmonise to Voorhees (2005). Voorhees used on campus surveys in drafting his Student finances and campus? based financial aid a structural model compendium of the persistence of high? need freshmen. Bias in aid allocation translates into variables exhibited by students in terms of their academic performance (Titus, 2006 Rubin, 2004). Using proneness score matching, it was established that there is a significant difference between financially aided and unaided students.Results based on five thousand freshmen at a public university in the US and retention in second division before and after noting their GPA and math experience showed that there is a relationship between aid influence and enrollment persistence (Adelman, 2004 Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005) When looking at the issue of aid extension to low-income students, it is imperative that women be also assisted. This is because they are more likely to b e affected more than their male counterparts, in most cases being affected by stress when they fail to secure aid in time to bring up their studies.Financial aid influences the retention of students based on their estimated family contribution. The challenge here is that those students whose families contribution is less than $4000 have higher chances of getting lower GPAs (Adelman, 2004 Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005) Methodology and Findings Since there are individual disparities that may affect the performance of the students who may be getting the same financial aid, this study used propensity score matching model which cater for the variables that may be of demography nature, or pre-college experiences.The new freshmen were categorized into those that get aid in form of loans or grants and those that do not get any aid at all. The two groups were then subjected to a comparison, that is, those that get aid package vis-a-vis those without any aid in their prime(prenominal) year. The group that did not get any aid was called untreated. The methodology used (estimated propensity score) helps in ridding the preconception based on self-selection. The cause of aid bias may not be fully accounted for using this method of study (Titus, 2006 Lunceford & Davidian, 2004) as other unaccounted for reasons may come into interplay.The amount that the students are able to get from their families affect the outcome of the study. It categorized the students in terms of those who could pay for their education and those who could not. In the findings that have been tabulated, the columns that are unmatched show the emergence of aid without making a match of students on propensity for aid assistance. The matched average effect column is used as a control for the bias in aid selection.The matched average untreated and matched average treated give the probable retention results if the aided student(s) had not been aided or if the unaided one had received some financial assist ance. Matched students with an average possibility of receiving aid are more likely to persist into their second year of studies compared to those with low aid chance. This study furnishes separate estimates by EFC in gauging the influence that financial aid has on student retention. An EFC of 4000 dollars and less encompasses students from low- income background eligible for grants.These students got an aid of between $2000 and $ 3000 in their first year while middle income students with $ 4000-10000 receive between $ 800- 900 aids. Those with Expected Family component part (EFC) of more than $ 10000 receive less to no aid at all, sole(prenominal) relying on merit-based aid. They however show a greater possibility of remaining in college in their succeeding(prenominal) academic year as compared to their aided counterparts who have higher remaining need after using their aids to pay for schooling.There is no correlation between the net persistence of students with $ 4000-$10000 E FC in their GPA or math experience and the aid they receive. Gift aid for those with high EFC increases their persistence by 18% meaning that the more EFC these students have, the better they work towards their academic endeavors (Dowd, 2004). The following are the tabular summaries of the information obtained from the study. Not all parts of the study have been tabulated but only the seminal ones.From the literature analysis and the results of this study, some issues are apparent Financial aid to low- income students may greatly hamper their studies if we look at the securing of the finances. If the aid delays, the students get stressed up and may therefore not concentrate in class. Those who do not know the whole procedure get more problems because their studies are hampered. The effect of the Expected Family Contribution on the capability of the learner to proceed to the next year has been shown. The less the EFC a student is capable of raising, the lower their performance and po ssibility of proceeding to the next year.Those with EFC of more than 10000 dollars show no effect if not given an aid but show considerable possibility of proceeding to the next year and also of passing well. References Adelman, C. (2007). Do we really have a college access problem? Change (July? August) 48? 51. Bodvarsson, O. B. & Walker, R. L. (2004) Do parental cash transfers weaken performance in college? Economics of Education Review 23 483? 495. Caison, A. L. (2006) Analysis of institutionally specific retention research A comparison between survey and institutional database methods.Research in Higher Education 48(4) 435? 451. Dowd, A. (2004) Income and financial aid effects on persistence and degree attainment in public colleges Education form _or_ system of government Analysis and Archives, 12(21). Herzog, S. (2005) Measuring determinants of student return vs. dropout vs. transfer a First-to-second year analysis of new freshmen Research in Higher Education 46 Immerwahr, J ( 2003) With Diploma in Hand High School Senior Talk about Their Future. NCPPHE (8) 883? 928. Lunceford, J. K. , and Davidian, M. (2004) Stratification and weighting via the propensity score

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Adobe Flash Player Essay

The adobe brick ostentation Player is freeware software for viewing multimedia, executing rich lucre applications, and streaming video and audio, content created on the Adobe shoot platform. Flash Player outhouse run from a web browser (as a browser plug-in) or on supported mobile devices, but there also exist sports running directly on an operating system intended both for regular users and content developers, denoted with the Projector (or Standalone) and Debugger name suffixes, respectively. 2 Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Flash Professional authoring tool, by Adobe Flex or by a number of other Macromedia and third fellowship tools. Flash Player was created by Macromedia and now developed and distributed by Adobe Systems after its acquisition. Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics, 3D graphics, an embed scripting language called ActionScript penalize in ActionScript Virtual Machine, and streaming of video and audio.See moreSocial Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn EssayActionScript is based on ECMAScript, and supports object-oriented code, and may be compared to JavaScript. Flash Player has a wide user base, with over 90% penetration on internet connected personal computers,345 and is a common format for games, animations, and GUIs embedded into web pages. Adobe Systems, the developer of Adobe Flash Player, states that more than 400 million of total more than 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release. 6 Flash Player can be downloaded for free and its plug-in version is available for recent versions of web browsers (such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera and Safari) on selected platforms. Google Chrome distribution comes bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash plug-in and will continue to support the plug-in in Windows 8 Metro mode. 789 Each version of Adobe Flash Player is backwards-compatible.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Collapse of the Ussr

Stephen Wears Assess the mall factors of the break-up of the Soviet Union The break up and dissolution of the soviet union on the 25th December 1991 heralded the residual of the Cold War. It ushered In what had been termed the new world order, furthermore, it was suggested by Francis Fauvism to have signaled the end of memorial and the involvement of ideas which had dominated much of the twentieth century (Huntington, 1996 31). The clash of civilizations had already seen the demise of fascism as a credible force in 1945, the close of 1991 would see the end of communism in Europe.The relatively sudden collapse of the USSR has compelled winkers and analysts to seek answers as to why the worlds second super violence could collapse so quickly and so utterly. mickle it be attributed to one single catastrophic event, or is it far more appropriate to place blame on a number of contributing factors? The fray surrounding the collapse of the USSR has been compared to the collapse of the R oman Empire among others and willing as well as continue to be interpreted and reinterpreted for many years to come (Liqueur 1993 387).This essay will look at some of the factors which lead to dissolution and assess the importance of each. The key issues that this essay will assess include the problem of he nationalities, the Geographer factor, economic problems, and the social and political upheavals caused by Perestroika and Glasnost. The Geographer factor must be viewed In the context of verbalize of the country he Inherited from his predecessors coupled with the effects of Glasnost and Perestroika. It has been suggested that Glasnost and Perestroika vie key roles in hastening the collapse of the worlds second superpower.Glasnost (meaning openness) allowed people to see the flaws In the dust and questions were raised as to whether or not communism had been good for Russia. Perestroika (meaning restructuring) also highlighted flaws in the lattice and bureaucratic system that could not be given a quick fix. The economic problems of the USSR have also been cited as a respectable factor in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The command economy had stifled Innovation and its existence outside of the world economy had caused major problems. Further to this the USSR could not keep up with the military spending of the USA during the 1 sass.Competing against the military spending of the Reagan Administration as well as fighting a prolong war against the Munched in Afghanistan had all but exhausted the economy of the USSR. The nationalities provided a great problem for any ideas of national unity. It has been argued by Lord William Wallace that it would be actually difficult for the European union evolve into a unified state because there is a lack of identity and little sense to shared history across the continent (Smith, 2005). This is the same problem facing attempts by soviet leaders to foster a single soviet nationality.The very same regaining had be en faced by the Tsarist system forwards It. One of the fewer things the nationalities had in common was the centuries of Russian domination. Sitting on what 75 years before had been the Tsarist Russian Empire, the Soviet union faced same problem as had the Tsarist regime, namely the Incredibly republics of the USSR, was made up of many littler semi-autonomous republics. Russians formed the biggest ethnic sort at Just over 50%, followed by the Ukrainians with 15% of the total population. Other nationalities included Zebu Biliousness Khaki and Volta atar among many others.The downfall of the Soviet Union gave an opportunity for peoples across the vast territory from Kampuchea to the Kola Peninsula to glamour for recognition (Dukes, 1998 332). This suggests that the problem of the nationalities would continue to e a headache for the newly formed Russian Federation. The rise of nationalism added to the troubles faced by the Kremlin during the sass. The growth of the Transactions and Baltic Popular Fronts had brought the problem of the nationalities to the fore when in 1989 the Red Army entered Tidbits to assist the tabunn authorities in putting down a rally.Soviet troops were also used to prop up the commie government of Azerbaijan under threat from nationalist forces (Chubbier, 2001 195). The Baltic States did not Join the chorus of statements of sovereignty which had come from Astrakhan and Ukraine, this was because they regarded their incorporation into the USSR as an illegal act. They challenged the legality of the permanent wave Robertson pact of 1939 and achieved international support in the form of the American refusal to recognize the annexation of the region (Strayed, 1998 152-153).The policy of Perestroika can be seen as the catalyst for the affix in nationalism as the planned restructuring of the USSR exposed fundamental flaws in the Soviet system. The policy of Glasnost also exposed corruption within the Caucasian and ex transport Asian republi cs, Geographer responded by replacing the Khaki Communist Party leader Sunken with a Russian. This caused a great deal of rioting in intimately (Strayed, 1998 150-151). Further to the rise of hot front bowel movements within the constituent republics, the Soviet Union was also facing a crisis with its East European satellites due in part to the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika.Glasnost and Perestroika are often cited as the most important factors in speeding the demise of the Soviet Union. Eric Hobbies claims that the only thing that made the soviet system work was the command structure of the society and the state which had been inherited from the days of Stalin (1995 480). Once again it mimed that reform from the top was going to introduce fundamental change which was to be ultimately uncontrollable. Hobbies also suggests that glasnost amounted to the disintegration of authority and perestroika amounted to the destruction of the old mechanisms which made the economy work ( 1995 483).Perestroika had to an extent legalized dissent, and groups in cities across the USSR began forming larger political groups known as clubs of socially active citizens (Chubbier, 2001 190). This radical departure from the Soviet norm of suppressing membership of political parties other than the Communist Party was acclimated by the decision to stop arrests on the grounds of political activity. The release of political prisoners saw the growth of new organizations outside of the Soviet system, however by 1988 this opposition numbered Just a few thousand (Chubbier, 2001 191).Glasnost played a major part in the unraveling of the Soviet Union. It brought forward into stark light the myriad of social problems which had 320-321). Part of glasnost and perestroika involved the restful of censorship of the press and other media. It was clear to Geographer that hard line censorship was a utile exercise given the increasing public access to horse opera broadcasts, particularly in the aftermath of the Coherency disaster of 1986 (Acton, 1995 320). It was recognized that reform of the economy and wider society could not happen under the current level of state censorship.Not even Lenin escaped criticism under glasnost, it was claimed that the October revolution had been an unmitigated disaster for Russia, leading the nation on a long road to nowhere (Acton, 1995 323). Geographer and his policies of glasnost and perestroika in brief faced serious problems with regards to implementation of the reforms. It seemed that Geographer was trying to do the impossible by marrying completely opposing concepts, socialism with capitalism, totalitarianism with democracy(Chubbier, 2001 194). This was also known as the Geographer federal agent.The Geographer Factor stems from the problem of the Soviet Union being too reliant on the top figure in government (Chubbier, 2001 194). It was almost impossible to override the powers held by Geographer, even if it did mean following his le ad to the destruction of the USSR. It can be argued that this same problem led to economic stagnation under Brethren and the less than successful schemes of Khrushchev. Regional fragmentation and the erosion of the USSR as a political and economic empire pushed the republics further towards secession, the communist parties in the Baltic States split from the main communist party of the Soviet Union (CUPS).This caused a wave of similar actions in other constituent republics and served to hasten the disintegration of the country. The process of demonstration initiated by Geographer set the Soviet Union on the course to oblivion for it allowed the republics to elect popular governments and vote to secede from the union via referendum. This most significant of these was the referendum held by Ukraine the results of which indicated the will of the people to kick in the union. However this is at odds with the referendum set down by Geographer regarding the retention and reform of the US SR, which received overwhelming popular support.Nevertheless the simple fact that the largest republic in the USSR other than Russia had voted to leave the union could only have a catastrophic effect on the future of the country as a whole. Geographer had no survival but to accept these events, as there could be no return to Stalinist era of brutal suppression such as that en during the Magyar Uprising in 1956. Geographer faced opposition to the introduction of restructuring and openness to the soviet system. The opposition came to a head in August of 1991, the central state bureaucracy made an attempt at regaining political control of the country (Chubbier, 2001 193).A coup dtat was launched in an attempt to reassert conservative values to the Soviet system. Geographer was put under house arrest in Crimea while attempts were made at reversing the damage done by perestroika. This however received no popular support from the public, prompting Boris Yielding to act to put a stop to the coup. Yielding, President of the Russian SF led a three day resistance movement which involved barricades being set up in central Moscow and around the White House to prevent the plotters from assuming power (Chubbier, 2001 193).This proved to be Geographers power almost completely eroded, a secret meeting of the leaders of the three main Slavic states declared that the USSR officially ceased to exist. Without a country to lead Geographer tendered his sufferance on 25th December 1991. All but five signatures were present on the declaration of the end of the USSR. The Baltic tastes had long maintained their annexation was illegal, Georgia would sign later. The other noticeable absence was that of Mikhail Geographer (Chubbier, 2001 194-195).This essay has given an assessment of the events leading to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Although it cannot be said with any great deduction that any one factor was more influential than another, it must be noted that Glasnost and P erestroika have not been too far away from any of the issues discussed here. The two flagship policies of Geographer had been intended to complement each other, in reality they had the opposite effect. Attempting to Join opposing concepts was a futile exercise which no doubt hastened the demise of the Soviet superpower.The problems faced by the Soviet government ran much deeper than appeared to the Soviet public. Years of economic stagnation and bureaucratic strangulation had left the Soviet Union a spent force by the late sass. Robert Strayed suggests that tinkering with its fragile structures would send it the USSR spinning into oblivion (1998 88). One cant avoid this harrowing assessment being very similar to the asseveration made by Doll Hitler shortly before launching Operation Barbarous, hat one has only to kick in the door, and the whole rotten edifice will come crashing down.Of course this was a statement of propaganda and should be viewed with that in mind. Ultimately t he Soviet Union was broken by a series of intertwining events, both long term and short term, some more important than others but each playing a crucial role. Just as the USSR was established on the ruins of the Tsarist Empire, the newly formed Russian Federation is established on the ruins of the USSR, marked by the raising of the Russian Atrocious, watched by a small group of pro-communist supporters. List of References

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Questions and Answers about Marriage and Same-Sex Union

The two phrases delve into the contemporary debate of same sex sum. The first one presents the conservative orthodox spot of the Catholic faith on same sex union while the second article presents an unorthodox view which is more liberal and accepting. Both article advocate a stand on the same issue and aims to spread the good news of their stand. The two articles tackle the issue of same sex union by giving their own definition of marriage.The orthodox view argues that marriage, as instituted by God, is a faithful, exclusive, lifelong union of a man and a adult female joined in an intimate community of life and love and that same sex union is an altogether different thing from marriage since it does not contain the definition. They say that it is not based on the natural complementarity of male and female it cannot cooperate with God to create new life and the natural purpose of familiar union cannot be achieved by a same-sex union.The liberal view points otherwise saying that Marriage can be defined as the unique and particular form of committed friendship and this does not say that the persons have to be heterosexually attracted, thus people of the same sex can still be married. This tell apart view is an interesting point for further comparison and contrasting. Both authors use the bible as their authoritative source of arguments. The USCCB in sum claims that what is right is what is create verbally in the bible, Prof.Maguire on his part claims that the bible as a historical account is not an account of what is right, it sometimes contain accounts which recommends what should not be make as depicted by the lesson of particular stories like in the stories about slavery. The liberal view purports that many Catholic theologians agree now with Protestant and Jewish theologians that same sex unions can be moral, healthy, and holy and that many Catholic people are living in same sex unions and adopting children and still practicing their Catholic faith h owever .While the USCCB continues to campaign against the equation of same sex unions to marriage and urges followers to keep their opinions in line with the teachings of their faith and of the bible. While using some the same source, the bible and the interpretation of the word of God, both authors argue in different directions both of which does not directly rebut each other.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

English Original Writing – The Slime

I had de xtion because some of my so called friends told the teacher I did it when I never. I was on my way home when I comprehend something smash therefore I went nearer to the source of the sound. It was leading me to a dark deserted old alley. At any rate this way was faster to my fellowship so I strolled down. I never used to go home this way since my mum said not to for the reason that bad things happened to her when she went by means of the alley.The thought of the scream make me shiver and I tangle a tingle down my spine. I heard the leaves crisp as I toddled on the footpath. The street was isolated I could even hear my self breathing. My stomach was churning so thus, I felt I was release to be sick. on that point it was I saw it, I was amazed of the features it had.He came closer and closer. It looked like he was horrified and his face was turning blue, pale blue. He made another(prenominal) impulsive move towards me and vomited. I felt the puke on my injured gondola toughie. The bonnet got injured due to a hit and run ten minuets a go. The Schoolboy strolled towards the shimmering door and went privileged me. He opened my shirt pocket gradually. He saw a creepy look in the mirror which gave a different image.I felt sick so I puked on the car. I hurried into the car and my eye was caught on this compartment, so therefore looked inside the box. I was shocked to experience my self look like this. So I ran step to the fore of the motor vehicle, the engine was still running. I found out what made the crash it was this car so me and my conscience started to clean the vomit. I decided to restore it to its previous pristine condition as a grudge of respect to the decease inhabitant of the car.He started to clean me additionally I started to undergo a feeling I have never felt before, cleanliness it felt so nice. He walked away from me but from my view I could see a silhouette following his every move.Something was saying to me go back the car or someone may need my help. I turned round ambled to the car. The cars engine went off I believed to think the battery ran out. The cars door opened, thus made my heart pound, erstwhile I was thinking the car was calling me in. I took the weight off my feet and the cars engine turned back on and the cars doors and front bonnet and rear bonnet were clanging and horning, it made me jump. I could not believe my eyes no one come out or looked to see what that mental disorder was. I saw a house. I was very curious to see the house.He gathered the courage to go into the gloomy dark house. He walked through with(predicate) the front door and plodded up the stairs. He looked aroundI went inside a mansion. I saw a bathroom door open. The bathroom was cover in slime. The sink was bubbling slime the floor was flooding slimy slipper sludgy slime. I tried to run back out but the door slammed shut in my face so there fore I went for the window that too slammed shut. The house was flooding green slime. I was scared and could see my future passing through my eyes. Then suddenly I heard an engine start.There was slime coming out through the panes of the window and the door. I heard banging, I thought it was the boy, I was thinking should I go in.I was drowning in slime I did not know what to do. The gunk was going in my mouth and I had to breathe through my nose I had a few seconds left.I was thinking. Then it came to me ill ram the car into the house so I rammed it.I saw a bright light. I thought I was gone, but when I heard a bang I saw the car I owed my life to a realistic car.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Disruptive Innovation

1 Introduction This assignment provides the study on tumultuous to a lower placestructure victimisation Clayton Christensens manakin. A get around from this, this assignment overly tells how the companies should react to the upcoming technologies and what should be the course of action for the same. 1. 1 understructure There is no particularized definition for origin as much(prenominal). entirely, according to me, pattern is creating aboutthing tender or changing the darkened to achieve the competitive advantage and meet the increase guest demands.This is achieved either by introducing new harvest-times, new ideas, and processes or just by changing the design of the product or the processes as per the customer demands. Innovating and creating new products and work has cave in real important topic of concern for in all the ecesiss in todays rapidly changing orb. If you ar not innovative, you may never know when your products become obsolete. 1. 2 Types of Innovation There atomic number 18 three principal(prenominal) types of Innovations Sustaining innovation This type of innovation wishings to be developed to promise that the customers ar squelched with the products and services and to stay in the game.For example upgrading the processor from dual core to Intel core i3 to i5 and enhancing the performance of computers. Breakthrough Innovations These innovations upgrade the level of breathing category of products or services. For example I ph wiz was a breakthrough innovation in the world of mobile securities industry. It changed the lieu of the customers and finally other(a) companies borrowed side by side(p) the trend. r inuncted Innovation In this type of innovation a new product or a sevice is introduced that creates a new merchandise place or massively alters an old virtuoso so that old players displacenot compete.They be called lush because they disrupt the menstruation behavior of the market. For example Intr oduction of computers was a disruptive innovation for companies who fabricate typewriters. According to Clayton Christensen luxuriant innovation offers visit performance initially as per the current market demand. But, at the same snip it provides some new attri andes which achieve in some distinct market. After conquering different markets, it eventually displaces the former market. Here we depart tattle about the heat content provide carrell fomite a disruptive innovation.How the introduction of henry open fire kiosk vehicle bequeath disrupt the market for oil industry, current ingrained burning engine manufacturers and some(prenominal) others. At the same clock clock time we shall talk about how the companies be responding to this upcoming engineering and how are they coping up with the new technology. in the beginning going into the statistic part let us know in brief how the atomic number 1 elicit jail cubiclephoneular telephone works, how it is d ifferent from inner(a) burning engine and what the benefits of total heat open fire kiosk are. 2 Hydrogen Fuel mobile phone a disruptive InnovationA go off galvanic cell is an electrochemical device which converts chemical nada into electrical talent. It uses henry and oxygen from air to produce electricity. Since no combustion is involved, it does not emit catastrophic flubes and the competency of such device is much gamy than an intragroup combustion engine. unconnected from this it does not involve any moving part hence making it more silent and reliable source of goose egg. 2. 1 works Hydrogen furnish cell consists of two catalysts anode and cathode, and an electrolyte. Hydrogen is fed to anode and oxygen from air is fed to cathode.At anode, catalyst causes atomic number 1 to split into positively charged ions protons and negatively charged ions electrons. The electrolyte, that is polymer electrolyte tissue layer allows only positive ion to scarper throu gh it. So the protons pass through membrane towards cathode and electrons pass through the orthogonal circuit towards the cathode. The flow of electron from the external circuit causes the current and eventually it goes to cathode and combines with positive ion and oxygen to emit water or water vapor. Hydrogen is is a elicit of nifty potential.Thought it is not an get-up-and-go source, but it is an energy carrier. Hydrogen can be make using renewable energy resources such as wind, solar and so on the query is all the same on on how to produce henry on a whoppingr scale. next lick show the work of a total heat Fuel Cell. Figure 1 Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell 2. 2 Benefits of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell interest are the benefits of a enthalpy sack cell Zero green house gas Emissions As water is the byproduct of the send away cell, the electric discharges of harmful gases such as light speed dioxide, southward monoxide, etc is not there.Hence, it is a zero emission pr oduct. Though some amount of carbon dioxide is produced during manufacturing hydrogen, but explore is on to manufacture hydrogen using renewable energy resources. Reduced Air Pollution As there are no harmful gases emission involved in fuel cell, air pollution ordain be rock-bottom considerably. Improved efficiency Fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engine. A schematic combustion egine generates efficiency up to 40% whereas a fuel cell generates efficiency more than 50% and has the potential to reach 85%.Other Benefits the pane depart be oil independent, since there are no moving part, it is more reliable. 2. 3 Applications Fuel cells induce wide range of applications. Following are the applications of a fuel cell Transportation system currently oil industry and internal combustion engine dominates the transportation system. But keeping surround and diminish resources of fuel in sagacity it is predicted that by 2025 2030, hydrogen fuel cell exit domi nate the transportation sector. Power Generation Fuel cell can also be employ to generate power.It can be localizeary power or a portable power. 2. 4 Challenges Following are the challenges that a fuel cell faces today Cost Cost of a fuel cell is a major(ip) concern function now. Due to expensive materials corresponding platinum is used as a catalyst, the personify of fuel cell shoots up. but the research is on and it is most likely that the cost of a fuel cell get out come down to $30 $50/KW for transportation and $1500/KW for stationery power. Storage Storage of hydrogen is again other concern curiously for the transportation system since it has truly low density in terms of volume.Research in this field of battle is also going on to stock the hydrogen fuel at high pressure. Infrastructure Again to develop groundwork for hydrogen is a astronomical challenge cost wise. To develop infrastructure a collaboration give be load downd between automotive and energy compa nies. Other challenges include the safety issues to carry hydrogen, Durability of the fuel cell and public acceptance. But research I going on in all the areas and there will definitely be a solution to all the challenges. 3 Clayton Christensens Theory of disruptive technologyChristensen developed a framework that could be applied to any market at any point of time so hanker as the attributes to be measured qualify for the characteristics presented in his framework. According to Christensen, companies fail because of the following reasons Companies depend on customers and investors for resources if the company doesnt occupy the customers or the shareholders, it will be difficult for the company to put up Small market cannot provide the growth needed by large companies Large companies focalize their efforts where the returns are high and often concentrate where the cost of sales is high.Technology supply exceeds the demand Rapidly exploitation technology may often outpace the customers needs. When such thing happens opportunity for new entrants develop to enter into the market and come with a new product. Companies with best technology tend to repair the animated product often incrementally. And while thinking on the top end customers, a get end market remains unserved until a new entrant comes with a potentially disruptive technology. And eventually new market begins to grow. And once this new market starts gaining the footage, it causes the existing technology to become obsolete.Following graph will second us understand Christensens framework more clearly. Figure 2 Clayton Christensens Framework of debauched Technology The market is always divided into tiers the higher end market that represents the main customers who profane the product and the lower end market represents the customers who are least to buy the products. And performance is the main criteria by which customers buy the product. Sustaining innovation As explained earlier, it could be incremental or radical that corrects product performance for the main customers.The focus is mainly on modify the performance of the existing products and satisfying the main customers. Disruptive Innovation It enters in the lower tier of the market with lower cost and attractive value for the lower market customers. Following are the charecteristics of a disruptive technology. * Offers low performance * Targets low-pitched market * It is tied with uncertainties * It introduces a new performance criteria in a new proportion * globally non market leaders introduce such new products in a lower tier market with attributes to benefit lower end market.Moving gage to the graph on Christensens framework for disruptive innovation, disruptive technology with an innovation enters at point a with a lower rate for lower end market. At the same time market leaders are improvising their product using sustaining technologies and satisfying the mainline customers. And when the sustaining technology reaches point b, it is the roseola time for the sustaining technology and after that the market gets saturated. This is the time when the market leaders need to innovate something new and create the new market. After point b, supply crosses demand.On the other hand, disruptive innovation enters at point a satisfies the lower end customers and after improvising it reaches point c the main stream customers. At point c now, it is very late for sustaining technology to develop a new product for the main stream customers. Here it is very important to set out intercourse between different types of innovation. Incremental innovation occurs when small improvements are made to products/services. These, basically strengthens the market position of the firm and entrenches the industry. Radical Innovation occurs when major improvements are made to the products/services.These changes require new marketing channels and often put other firms out of competition and at the same time t ake old technologies obsolete. Transformational innovation occurs when the innovation is of such a nature that it destroys whole industry and changes the nature of the market. So if we have to summarize Christensens framework it would be, as the sustaining technology improves a dour the mainstream customer, disruptive technology enters at the lower end market, improvises along the existing dimensions and enters the main stream market.It eventually changes the basis of the competition from functionality to dependableness and from reliability to convenience and eventually to price. straightway, lets apply this Christensens framework to todays automotive world that is internal combustion engine as the sustaining technology and the hydrogen fuel cell as the disruptive technology. 3. 1 Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology with the Christensens Framework of Disruptive Technology let us compare the performance of fuel economy and green house gas emissions of internal combustion e ngine and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.From the graph, we can agree that internal combustion engine is a sustaining technology incrementally improving its performance. Initially lets produce in 1980s the fuel economy of a vehicle was around 4-6 km/l of gasoline and now it is around 12-15 km/l. green house gas emissions have also reduced by introducing hybrid option. But it is predicted that internal combustion engine will reach the point b somewhere by 2015. That is it will reach the color level of innovation. Further development in internal combustion engine will result in more of supply than demand.This is the time when people will anticipate the change, and the change of disruptive technology in our case it is hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Initially it keeps emerging and improves the performance in new dimension and tries to attract the main market stream. During the time emergence hydrogen fuel cell through experimentation set abouts commercialization. And it is predicted by 202 0 it will verifyk commercialization. Meanwhile, the internal combustion engine will steadily grow beyond the customer demand and will start losing its hold in the main market.In 2020, at point c, the market is install to accept high performance vehicle, in terms of fuel economy. And beyond this point, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle keeps on improving rapidly. This will eventually bring the casting out of an internal combustion engine and forcing it out of the market by 2030 2040 completely and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle becoming the base technology. Beyond this it will improve incrementally until the new disruptive comes and leg out the hydrogen fuel cell technology. Green family line Gas EmissionGlobal change is one of the prime reasons fro shifting the paradigm from internal combustion engine to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Following graph shows the world(a) warming potential of gasoline, flex fuels and hydrogen fuel cell in several(a) stages from manufacturing to the end of life of a vehicle. Figure 3 Global change potential comparison of 3 different types of Engine. It is clear from the graph global warming potential that is emission of harmful gases from a fuel cell vehicle is less than a gasoline and the flex fuel vehicle.From the graph, it is seen that only while production for the fuel of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the emission of harmful gases is high, but it is very less compared to the gasoline and flex fuels. Apart from that, research is also going on for producing hydrogen using renewably resources such as wind, solar and nuclear. 3. 2 Conclusion It is evident that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a disruptive technology and will cause a phase out for the internal combustion engine. But when we compare it to the Christensens framework, it slightly contradicts.Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in literal sense are not targeting the lower market initially. The cost of the product is not low. But all other parameters remain the same. It is focusing on the new dimension and at the same time it is threat to the internal combustion engine world. Apart from this slight difference, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is definitely a disruptive innovation, and will definitely lead to version of technologies and will change the basis of competition from fuel economy to green house gas declines with the environmental pressure. 4 Current ScenarioIf we talk about hydrogen fuel cell in todays world, it is still an emerging technology which shades solid and promising in terms of fuel economy and reduction in green house gas emission. Research in this particular area is going on all around the world since the global warming level is increase and the environmental pressure is acting on all the governments. In this scenario, the companies who are already into research in this area will survive and the companies that are still not doing any kind of research or innovation and still trying to improve the sustaining technology skill just phase out of the competition.Further we will see cases and findings of versatile companies in this area including oil industry, automotive industry and the industries related to this huge sector of industries. 4. 1 Oil assiduity Today, the energy sector is run majorly by oil industry. And majorly oil after refining is consumed by transportation industry. Around 90%of the oil is consumed by the transportation industry, and out of that around 50% of the industry consumes gasoline and the rest is diesel, LPG, Naphtha etc. Major players in this oil industry today are Saudi aramco, shell, BP, Exxon Mobil and chevron.Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)is the major producer of the oil today and has the maximum exports all over the world, then it is followed by other companies. Apart from green house gas emissions and environmental pressure, the increasing rate of oil so frequently gives us an idea that even the oil reserves are diminishing day by day. Now increasing research and development in this area p oses threat on oil industry as soundly. Even the oil industries have started doing research in this area. essentially these companies are doing research on how to produce hydrogen using the existing technologies in large scale.Following are some of the findings of the oil companies in this area. 4. 1. 1 Saudi Aramco (Source http//www. keei. re. kr/keei/download/seminar/101117/II101118_b02. pdf, www. saudiaramco. com, www. mbifoundation. com/media/18961/final%20bpr. pdf) Following are some of the conclusion made by research and development department of Saudi Aramco. * H2 production using existing petroleum infrastructure will be a potential scotch option compared to other technologies. * Need to integrate the carbon capture and store (CCS) technologies along with hydrogen production for efficient carbon management. Alternate hydrogen production technologies, such as electrolysis and renewable sources, have meaning(a) technical and economical challenges (energy intensive and hi gh capital). * Significant progress made in the demonstration of liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen. Apart from this, Saudi Aramco has also filed a tangible in US office for the naphtha based fuels which can also be used for vehicular purpose. 4. 1. 2 plateful ( Source http//www. shell. com/home/content/environment_society/environment/climate_change/biofuels_alternative_energies_transport/hydrogen/, http//articles. atimes. com and http//www. thelivingmoon. com/41pegasus/02files/Alternate_Fuel_ scale leaf_Oil_Hydrogen. html) Shell had started its research on this topic since 1999 and had anticipated the change in the world of automotive industry and power sector long back. Shell has joined pass with the leading car making companies and power companies and working on this end. Shell is already working in collaboration with Siemens, Toyota, Daimler Chrysler and has reached a long way in this area. It has also opened various hydrogen fuel place in United States of America, Europe and Asia.And it is offering free fillips at various provide station just to promote the upcoming technology. Following picture is one of the fueling station in United States of America where hydrogen fueling is provided. Figure 4 Hydrogen fuel Station by Shell 4. 1. 3 BP (Source http//www. bp. com) Like Shell, BP is also one of the worlds largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy.In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up Chinas first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. As one of the worlds largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up Chinas first hydroge n fueling station in Beijing.Apart from this BP has joined manpower with the leading companies like Daimler Chrysler, intersection Motor Company, General Motors, Solarex and working on various projects like fuel efficiency, CO2 management, Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Apart from the companies all these companies also join their hands with various Universities who help the in doing their research. 4. 1. 4 Exxon Mobil (Source http//www. exxonmobil. com, http//www. dutchdailynews. com/air-products-and-exxonmobil-start-up-new-world-scale-hydrogen-production-plant-in-rotterdam/) Exxon Mobil again is not left ehind in the research of hydrogen fuel cell and the production of hydrogen on a large scale. Following are some of the research that Exxon Mobil is working on * It is conducting breakthrough research on Hydrogen Production Technology * It is also trying to improve its existing technology at the same time by continuously improving the efficiency of internal combustion engine and simplificati on the emission of harmful gases. * On 10th Feb 2012 Air products and Exxon Mobil started a large scale Hydrogen Production Plant in Rotterdam. Apart from this, ExxonMobil is also developing an innovative on-board hydrogen-powered fuel cell system that converts conventional hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel into hydrogen for a fuel cell right under a vehicles hood. Apart from this there are various other small industries that are into this hydrogen fuel cell research for example trustingness from India is also doing its bit in this area. 4. 2 Automotive Industry We have seen the response and reaction of oil Industry so far, Now let us see the response of automotive industry worldwide.We shall go country wise in this case to know the response of various industries and development in various countries in this specific area. 4. 2. 1 United States Of America United States of America is spending millions of dollars every year in the research of hydrogen fuel Cell. They have d emonstrations with galore(postnominal) private companies. Daimler Chrysler Company developed its first fuel cell truck in 2000. The main aim of USA is to conduct Fuel Cell Vehicle available at an affordable cost. General Motors General motors one of the oldest companies of USA is planning to get 1000 fuel cell vehicles on pathway by 2013-2015.Ford Motor Company Ford is also planning to launch its commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in 2015. 4. 2. 2 lacquer One can say Japan is the very first to start the research in this area and it is since 1981. It was in Japan in Tokyo electric Company, Toshiba and an American based company fuel cell company manufactured and installed an 11 MW power plant (Source www. platinummetalsreview. com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-010-012. pdf). Apart from this the major Japanese automotive companies look promising in terms of Hydrogen uel cell vehicle compared to other companies in the world. Toyota Toyota has promised in its recent Autocar show that it will sta rt selling the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in USA specifically in California, since by 2015 it is predicted that there will be 68 hydrogen fueling stations in California. (Source http//content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/ speckle/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1. UHFOcE3Mj38) Honda CEO Takanobu Ito just announced that Honda will launch a new fuel-cell electric car in the U.S. and Europe starting line in 2015. It will showcase further technological advancement and significant cost reduction. Honda has already been letting consumers test its fleet of FCX pellucidness hydrogen fuel-cell cars for a couple of years (Source http//www. firstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) Nissan Nissan has also announced its interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and has declared that it is ready to mass produce hydrogen fuel cell cars by 2015 (Source http//www. irstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automa kers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) 4. 2. 3 Europe Europe is not left potty in this research. All the major brands BMW, Mercedes Volkswagen etc have shown interest in hydrogen fuel cell, but at the same time have verbalize hydrogen fuel cell will take at least 10 more years to commercialize. 4. 2. 4 India India is the place where we can say Christensens framework is applicable perfectly. Here the auto rickshaw for the lower end market has been made using hydrogen fuel cell. t was displayed at pragati maidan in January 2012 and is anticipate to hit the road by 2015. Source http//www. nytimes. com/2012/10/02/business/energy-environment/hydrogen-fuels-autorickshaws-and-dreams-of-cleaner-air. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0) Apart from this biggies like TATA Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra have shown interest in this area. Tata Motors have manufactured the bus based on hydrogen fuel cell technology known as starbus. Following figure shows the Auto ricksha and the Hydrogen fuel c ell BusFigure 5 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in india Following are some of the comments from various high profile executive directors from various companies * Executives from Ford, General Motors, Chrysler and Volkswagen see fuel-cell vehicles as being further out, and most have not said when theyll have vehicles on the market. * We dont see it as early as Toyota does, said Oliver Schmidt, general manager of engineering with the VW Group. We see it in the 2020 time frame. * Joe Bakaj, Ford vice president of powertrain engineering, said, The question is when (will) fuel-cell vehicles become affordable to customers, specifically when the fuel-cell troop competes with the battery pack on cost. * Within 10 years, I think they will be as affordable as full battery vehicles, and the fuel cell will have a big advantage in range, Bakaj said. We think it will happen in the next 10 years. * Gary Smyth, GM executive director working on global research and development, said he sees little co mmitment in the U. S. to the necessary infrastructure by 2015. Source http//content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1. UHFOcE3Mj38) go from all this various other countries and companies have shown immense amount of interest in hydrogen fuel cell Recently Korea and Korean company Hyundai has also announced an hydrogen fuel cell vehicle launch by 2015. So the major companies all around the world and the affiliate companies are responding really well to the upcoming technology of hydrogen fuel cell and all of them are doing their bit to save the environment. 5 ConclusionIt is very clear from the higher up assignment that hydrogen fuel cell is the future of the world. It is definitely one of the biggest disruptive technologies of all time. Biggest because, once the technology is commercialized, many big players all around the world will have to change their base of technology. Technology innovation and upcoming t echnologies are posing threat on the current industry and are eventually forcing companies out of business. New technologies are exerting power to shape the market and change the basis of the competition. Hence, it is important for the companies to continuously assess the technologies and capabilities.Disruptive InnovationIn order to remain afloat in this ever changing market, companies must have a sound proof strategy. According to Thompson, Peteraf, try and Strickland, a companys strategy is its action plan for outperforming its competitors and achieving superior profitability. (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland p. 4) One well known strategy or theory of many companies is a term called disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovation was coined by Clayton Christensen.It explains the process of a product or service preliminary application initiating from the bottom of the market that replaces an already established product or service. This theory has created a significant impac t on management practices in all types of industries. It has created debates of how executives and managers are in need of research that will elevate the pursuit of successful innovations from a gut-level, intuition-driven art to something more closely resembling a science based on repeatable processes with foreseeable results. (Raynor, p. 27)In doing so, it has also created a sense of conflict between entrants, incumbents and disrupters to see which organization will remain the top supplier. Innovation is always on the top mind for all CEOs. Understanding how to identify disruptive innovations before they become mainstream and take advantage of the white space is a skill to cultivate. Disruptive Innovation patterns are always changing and sometimes are very difficult to see because of its rapid growth. Similarities RaynorDisruption theory can be used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theorys prescriptions. As of now the disruption theory of innovation is the only one with evidence to support the avowal that it can improve predictive accuracy. 1. Used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theorys prescriptions 2. a particular perspective on innovation is based on its superior explanatory and predictive power 3. entrants attacked successful incumbents by adopting the incumbents models and technological solutions what he called a sustaining strategy-they tended to fail.However, driven by their desire to grow, the upstart entrants were strongly motivated to improve their initial offerings in ways that would allow them to compete effectively for the larger, more lucrative mainstream markets. This was the entrants upmarket march, and entrants that marched upmarket successfully eventually captured the customers that had been the incumbents mainstay. Differences Whatever ambiguities might remain in making the relevant categorizations (incumbent vs. entrant sustaining vs. disruptive) the data reveal that overal l disruption theory makes wear prediction possible.In contrast, entrants tended to succeed by combining a business model tailored to the needs of a relatively less attractive market the entrants footing with an ability to improve their original solutions in ways that allowed them to provide superior performance that incumbents were unable to replicate the upmarket march In contrast, I make a more limited and modest claim disruption theory can deliver statistically significant and practically material improvement in the ability to innovate successfully.Christensen and Overdorf 1. ? Difference Managers lack thinking about their organizations capapbilities as they think about individual peoples capabilities. Pg 68 2. Our research suggests that three factors affect what an organization can and cannot do its resources, its processes and its values pg 68 3. Differencesor similarities . As companies become large, they lose the ability to enter small emerging markets. Cause by an orga nic evolution of values. Pg 70 4.Disruptive innovation can create an entirely new market through the introduction of a new kind of product or service, one that is actually worst. Pg 72 5. Differences Sustaining innovation are nearly always developed and introduced by established industry leaders. But do not cope well with disruptive innovations. Pg 72 6. Similarity DI occurs so intermittently that no company has a routine process for handling them. Inconsistent with the companys value.Disruptive Innovation(1) Catalytic innovation involves the process wherein companies and industries take actions within a particular society to create and enhance social changes on certain issues. It is said that catalytic innovations can surpass the status quo by providing good enough solutions to inadequately address social problems. (Christensen et. al. , 2006, p. 96) (2) One important difference and distinction between disruptive innovation and catalytic innovation is its scope.It has been mention ed that catalytic innovation mainly focuses on the issue of creating societal change. On the other hand, disruptive innovation caters to the unveiling of alternatives of goods and services. The two are similar due to its efforts to create changes in the status quo and market. Catalytic innovations are a subset of disruptive innovations, distinguished by their primary focus on social change, often on a national scale. (Christensen et. al. , 2006, p. 96)(3)There had been efforts in the health care sector to improve the services they give to ordinary people. This has been manifested by the intromission of cutting-edge care facilities, insurance and walk-in clinics that offer cheaper and convenient opportunities for sick individuals. The success has been described by the article in the overall joy gained by such walk-in clinics and the other two facets. One vital component of such success is the degree of patronage by the locals on such ideas.Patronage is one clear indicator of pref erence and satisfaction compared to the original practices. (4) Microlending involves the process of giving capital to small and medium enterprises to start up their own businesses. Since the creation of microlending facilities, it has spurred growth and development among members of the middle strata of several societies. In turn, microlending helps sustain borrowers who are paying back loans and creates an economic environment that attracts other lenders looking to start a new business. (Christensen et. al. , 2006, p. 96)Such benefits have paved the way for the development of social and economic status. (5) Microlending had a positive impact on KickStart because the initiative provided means and capital for small African farmers to acquire technological innovation and create better lives. By providing capital to these farmers, KickStart products somehow alleviated the way labor and work is done in the farms.In addition, due to microlending mechanisms, KickStart was able to expand i ts market and continued to target small scale farmers with the pursuit of improving their harvests. (6) Analyzing the article, it can be argued that catalytic innovations fall under the bottom of the technology S-curve due to its capability to create changes in society and alter the status quo. Seeing this, it can be surmised they also have the supposition and potential of segment-zero products due to its relative ease and capability to access a market not envisioned by the normal competitors.ReferencesChristensen, C.M., Bauman, H., Ruggles, R. and Sadtler, T.M. (December 2006) DisruptiveInnovation for cordial Change in Harvard Business Review. pp. 94 101.Disruptive Innovation1 Introduction This assignment provides the study on Disruptive Innovation using Clayton Christensens framework. Apart from this, this assignment also tells how the companies should react to the upcoming technologies and what should be the course of action for the same. 1. 1 Innovation There is no specific d efinition for innovation as such. But, according to me, innovation is creating something new or changing the old to achieve the competitive advantage and meet the increasing customer demands.This is achieved either by introducing new products, new ideas, and processes or just by changing the design of the product or the processes as per the customer demands. Innovating and creating new products and services has become very important topic of concern for all the organizations in todays rapidly changing world. If you are not innovative, you may never know when your products become obsolete. 1. 2 Types of Innovation There are three main types of Innovations Sustaining innovation This type of innovation needs to be developed to ensure that the customers are satisfied with the products and services and to stay in the game.For example upgrading the processor from dual core to Intel core i3 to i5 and enhancing the performance of computers. Breakthrough Innovations These innovations upgrade the level of existing category of products or services. For example I phone was a breakthrough innovation in the world of mobile market. It changed the perspective of the customers and eventually other companies started following the trend. Disruptive Innovation In this type of innovation a new product or a sevice is introduced that creates a new market or massively alters an old one so that old players cannot compete.They are called disruptive because they disrupt the current behavior of the market. For example Introduction of computers was a disruptive innovation for companies who manufactured typewriters. According to Clayton Christensen Disruptive innovation offers lower performance initially as per the current market demand. But, at the same time it provides some new attributes which prosper in some different market. After conquering different markets, it eventually displaces the former market. Here we will talk about the hydrogen fuel Cell vehicle a disruptive innovation.How the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will disrupt the market for oil industry, current internal combustion engine manufacturers and many others. At the same time we shall talk about how the companies are responding to this upcoming technology and how are they coping up with the new technology. Before going into the statistic part let us know in brief how the hydrogen fuel cell works, how it is different from internal combustion engine and what the benefits of hydrogen fuel cell are. 2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell a disruptive InnovationA fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It uses hydrogen and oxygen from air to produce electricity. Since no combustion is involved, it does not emit harmful gases and the efficiency of such device is much higher than an internal combustion engine. Apart from this it does not involve any moving part hence making it more silent and reliable source of energy. 2. 1 Working Hydrogen fuel cell consis ts of two catalysts anode and cathode, and an electrolyte. Hydrogen is fed to anode and oxygen from air is fed to cathode.At anode, catalyst causes hydrogen to split into positively charged ions protons and negatively charged ions electrons. The electrolyte, that is polymer electrolyte membrane allows only positive ion to flow through it. So the protons pass through membrane towards cathode and electrons pass through the external circuit towards the cathode. The flow of electron from the external circuit causes the current and eventually it goes to cathode and combines with positive ion and oxygen to emit water or water vapor. Hydrogen is is a fuel of great potential.Thought it is not an energy source, but it is an energy carrier. Hydrogen can be manufactured using renewable energy resources such as wind, solar etc. the research is still on on how to produce hydrogen on a larger scale. Following Figure show the working of a hydrogen Fuel Cell. Figure 1 Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cel l 2. 2 Benefits of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Following are the benefits of a hydrogen fuel cell Zero green house gas Emissions As water is the byproduct of the fuel cell, the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur monoxide, etc is not there.Hence, it is a zero emission product. Though some amount of carbon dioxide is produced during manufacturing hydrogen, but research is on to manufacture hydrogen using renewable energy resources. Reduced Air Pollution As there are no harmful gases emission involved in fuel cell, air pollution will be reduced considerably. Improved efficiency Fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engine. A conventional combustion egine generates efficiency up to 40% whereas a fuel cell generates efficiency more than 50% and has the potential to reach 85%.Other Benefits the transportation will be oil independent, since there are no moving part, it is more reliable. 2. 3 Applications Fuel cells have wide range of applications. Followin g are the applications of a fuel cell Transportation system currently oil industry and internal combustion engine dominates the transportation system. But keeping environment and diminishing resources of fuel in mind it is predicted that by 2025 2030, hydrogen fuel cell will dominate the transportation sector. Power Generation Fuel cell can also be used to generate power.It can be stationary power or a portable power. 2. 4 Challenges Following are the challenges that a fuel cell faces today Cost Cost of a fuel cell is a major concern right now. Due to expensive materials like platinum is used as a catalyst, the cost of fuel cell shoots up. but the research is on and it is most likely that the cost of a fuel cell will come down to $30 $50/KW for transportation and $1500/KW for stationery power. Storage Storage of hydrogen is again another concern especially for the transportation system since it has very low density in terms of volume.Research in this area is also going on to store the hydrogen fuel at high pressure. Infrastructure Again to develop infrastructure for hydrogen is a big challenge cost wise. To develop infrastructure a collaboration will be required between automotive and energy companies. Other challenges include the safety issues to carry hydrogen, Durability of the fuel cell and public acceptance. But research I going on in all the areas and there will definitely be a solution to all the challenges. 3 Clayton Christensens Theory of disruptive technologyChristensen developed a framework that could be applied to any market at any point of time so long as the attributes to be measured qualify for the characteristics presented in his framework. According to Christensen, companies fail because of the following reasons Companies depend on customers and investors for resources if the company doesnt satisfy the customers or the shareholders, it will be difficult for the company to survive Small market cannot provide the growth needed by large compani es Large companies concentrate their efforts where the returns are high and often concentrate where the cost of sales is high.Technology supply exceeds the demand Rapidly developing technology may often outpace the customers needs. When such thing happens opportunity for new entrants develop to enter into the market and come with a new product. Companies with best technology tend to improve the existing product often incrementally. And while focusing on the top end customers, a lower end market remains unserved until a new entrant comes with a potentially disruptive technology. And eventually new market begins to grow. And once this new market starts gaining the footage, it causes the existing technology to become obsolete.Following graph will help us understand Christensens framework more clearly. Figure 2 Clayton Christensens Framework of Disruptive Technology The market is always divided into tiers the higher end market that represents the main customers who buy the product and t he lower end market represents the customers who are least to buy the products. And performance is the main criteria by which customers buy the product. Sustaining innovation As explained earlier, it could be incremental or radical that improves product performance for the main customers.The focus is mainly on improving the performance of the existing products and satisfying the main customers. Disruptive Innovation It enters in the lower tier of the market with lower cost and attractive value for the lower market customers. Following are the charecteristics of a disruptive technology. * Offers low performance * Targets small market * It is tied with uncertainties * It introduces a new performance criteria in a new dimension * Generally non market leaders introduce such new products in a lower tier market with attributes to benefit lower end market.Moving back to the graph on Christensens framework for disruptive innovation, disruptive technology with an innovation enters at point a with a lower rate for lower end market. At the same time market leaders are improvising their product using sustaining technologies and satisfying the mainline customers. And when the sustaining technology reaches point b, it is the peak time for the sustaining technology and after that the market gets saturated. This is the time when the market leaders need to innovate something new and create the new market. After point b, supply crosses demand.On the other hand, disruptive innovation enters at point a satisfies the lower end customers and after improvising it reaches point c the main stream customers. At point c now, it is very late for sustaining technology to develop a new product for the main stream customers. Here it is very important to distinguish between different types of innovation. Incremental innovation occurs when small improvements are made to products/services. These, basically strengthens the market position of the firm and entrenches the industry. Radical Innovat ion occurs when major improvements are made to the products/services.These changes require new marketing channels and often put other firms out of competition and at the same time make old technologies obsolete. Transformational innovation occurs when the innovation is of such a nature that it destroys whole industry and changes the nature of the market. So if we have to summarize Christensens framework it would be, as the sustaining technology improves along the mainstream customer, disruptive technology enters at the lower end market, improvises along the existing dimensions and enters the main stream market.It eventually changes the basis of the competition from functionality to reliability and from reliability to convenience and eventually to price. Now, lets apply this Christensens framework to todays automotive world that is internal combustion engine as the sustaining technology and the hydrogen fuel cell as the disruptive technology. 3. 1 Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell tec hnology with the Christensens Framework of Disruptive Technology Let us compare the performance of fuel economy and green house gas emissions of internal combustion engine and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.From the graph, we can agree that internal combustion engine is a sustaining technology incrementally improving its performance. Initially lets say in 1980s the fuel economy of a vehicle was around 4-6 km/l of gasoline and now it is around 12-15 km/l. green house gas emissions have also reduced by introducing hybrid option. But it is predicted that internal combustion engine will reach the point b somewhere by 2015. That is it will reach the saturation level of innovation. Further development in internal combustion engine will result in more of supply than demand.This is the time when people will anticipate the change, and the change of disruptive technology in our case it is hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Initially it keeps emerging and improves the performance in new dimension and tr ies to attract the main market stream. During the time emergence hydrogen fuel cell through experimentation seeks commercialization. And it is predicted by 2020 it will seek commercialization. Meanwhile, the internal combustion engine will steadily grow beyond the customer demand and will start losing its hold in the main market.In 2020, at point c, the market is ready to accept high performance vehicle, in terms of fuel economy. And beyond this point, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle keeps on improving rapidly. This will eventually bring the phase out of an internal combustion engine and forcing it out of the market by 2030 2040 completely and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle becoming the base technology. Beyond this it will improve incrementally until the new disruptive comes and phase out the hydrogen fuel cell technology. Green House Gas EmissionGlobal warming is one of the prime reasons fro shifting the paradigm from internal combustion engine to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Following graph shows the global warming potential of gasoline, flex fuels and hydrogen fuel cell in various stages from manufacturing to the end of life of a vehicle. Figure 3 Global Warming potential comparison of 3 different types of Engine. It is clear from the graph global warming potential that is emission of harmful gases from a fuel cell vehicle is less than a gasoline and the flex fuel vehicle.From the graph, it is seen that only while production for the fuel of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the emission of harmful gases is high, but it is very less compared to the gasoline and flex fuels. Apart from that, research is also going on for producing hydrogen using renewably resources such as wind, solar and nuclear. 3. 2 Conclusion It is evident that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a disruptive technology and will cause a phase out for the internal combustion engine. But when we compare it to the Christensens framework, it slightly contradicts.Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in literal sense are not targeting the lower market initially. The cost of the product is not low. But all other parameters remain the same. It is focusing on the new dimension and at the same time it is threat to the internal combustion engine world. Apart from this slight difference, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is definitely a disruptive innovation, and will definitely lead to transformation of technologies and will change the basis of competition from fuel economy to green house gas reductions with the environmental pressure. 4 Current ScenarioIf we talk about hydrogen fuel cell in todays world, it is still an emerging technology which looks solid and promising in terms of fuel economy and reduction in green house gas emission. Research in this particular area is going on all around the world since the global warming level is increasing and the environmental pressure is acting on all the governments. In this scenario, the companies who are already into research in this area will survive and the compa nies that are still not doing any kind of research or innovation and still trying to improve the sustaining technology might just phase out of the competition.Further we will see cases and findings of various companies in this area including oil industry, automotive industry and the industries related to this huge sector of industries. 4. 1 Oil Industry Today, the energy sector is run majorly by oil industry. And majorly oil after refining is consumed by transportation industry. Around 90%of the oil is consumed by the transportation industry, and out of that around 50% of the industry consumes gasoline and the rest is diesel, LPG, Naphtha etc. Major players in this oil industry today are Saudi aramco, shell, BP, Exxon Mobil and chevron.Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)is the major producer of the oil today and has the maximum exports all over the world, then it is followed by other companies. Apart from green house gas emissions and environmental pressure, the increasing rate of oil so fr equently gives us an idea that even the oil reserves are diminishing day by day. Now increasing research and development in this area poses threat on oil industry as well. Even the oil industries have started doing research in this area. Basically these companies are doing research on how to produce hydrogen using the existing technologies in large scale.Following are some of the findings of the oil companies in this area. 4. 1. 1 Saudi Aramco (Source http//www. keei. re. kr/keei/download/seminar/101117/II101118_b02. pdf, www. saudiaramco. com, www. mbifoundation. com/media/18961/final%20bpr. pdf) Following are some of the conclusion made by research and development department of Saudi Aramco. * H2 production using existing petroleum infrastructure will be a potential economical option compared to other technologies. * Need to integrate the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies along with hydrogen production for efficient carbon management. Alternate hydrogen production tec hnologies, such as electrolysis and renewable sources, have significant technical and economical challenges (energy intensive and high capital). * Significant progress made in the demonstration of liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen. Apart from this, Saudi Aramco has also filed a patent in US office for the naphtha based fuels which can also be used for vehicular purpose. 4. 1. 2 Shell ( Source http//www. shell. com/home/content/environment_society/environment/climate_change/biofuels_alternative_energies_transport/hydrogen/, http//articles. atimes. com and http//www. thelivingmoon. com/41pegasus/02files/Alternate_Fuel_Shell_Oil_Hydrogen. html) Shell had started its research on this topic since 1999 and had anticipated the change in the world of automotive industry and power sector long back. Shell has joined hands with the leading car making companies and power companies and working on this project. Shell is already working in collaboration with Siemens, Toyota, Daimler Chrysler and has reached a long way in this area. It has also opened various hydrogen fuel stations in United States of America, Europe and Asia.And it is offering free fillips at various fueling station just to promote the upcoming technology. Following picture is one of the fueling station in United States of America where hydrogen fueling is provided. Figure 4 Hydrogen fuel Station by Shell 4. 1. 3 BP (Source http//www. bp. com) Like Shell, BP is also one of the worlds largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy.In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up Chinas first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. As one of the worlds largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, B P and PRC Ministry of Science Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up Chinas first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing.Apart from this BP has joined hands with the leading companies like Daimler Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Solarex and working on various projects like fuel efficiency, CO2 management, Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Apart from the companies all these companies also join their hands with various Universities who help the in doing their research. 4. 1. 4 Exxon Mobil (Source http//www. exxonmobil. com, http//www. dutchdailynews. com/air-products-and-exxonmobil-start-up-new-world-scale-hydrogen-production-plant-in-rotterdam/) Exxon Mobil again is not left ehind in the research of hydrogen fuel cell and the production of hydrogen on a large scale. Following are some of the research that Exxon Mobil is working on * It is conducting breakthrough research on Hydrogen Production Technology * It is also trying to improve its existing techno logy at the same time by continuously improving the efficiency of internal combustion engine and reducing the emission of harmful gases. * On 10th Feb 2012 Air products and Exxon Mobil started a large scale Hydrogen Production Plant in Rotterdam. Apart from this, ExxonMobil is also developing an innovative on-board hydrogen-powered fuel cell system that converts conventional hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel into hydrogen for a fuel cell right under a vehicles hood. Apart from this there are various other small industries that are into this hydrogen fuel cell research for example Reliance from India is also doing its bit in this area. 4. 2 Automotive Industry We have seen the response and reaction of oil Industry so far, Now let us see the response of automotive industry worldwide.We shall go country wise in this case to know the response of various industries and development in various countries in this specific area. 4. 2. 1 United States Of America United States of Ame rica is spending millions of dollars every year in the research of hydrogen fuel Cell. They have demonstrations with many private companies. Daimler Chrysler Company developed its first fuel cell truck in 2000. The main aim of USA is to make Fuel Cell Vehicle available at an affordable cost. General Motors General motors one of the oldest companies of USA is planning to get 1000 fuel cell vehicles on road by 2013-2015.Ford Motor Company Ford is also planning to launch its commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in 2015. 4. 2. 2 Japan One can say Japan is the very first to start the research in this area and it is since 1981. It was in Japan in Tokyo electric Company, Toshiba and an American based company fuel cell company manufactured and installed an 11 MW power plant (Source www. platinummetalsreview. com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-010-012. pdf). Apart from this the major Japanese automotive companies look promising in terms of Hydrogen uel cell vehicle compared to other companies in the world. Toyota Toyota has promised in its recent Autocar show that it will start selling the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in USA specifically in California, since by 2015 it is predicted that there will be 68 hydrogen fueling stations in California. (Source http//content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1. UHFOcE3Mj38) Honda CEO Takanobu Ito just announced that Honda will launch a new fuel-cell electric car in the U.S. and Europe starting in 2015. It will showcase further technological advancement and significant cost reduction. Honda has already been letting consumers test its fleet of FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell cars for a couple of years (Source http//www. firstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) Nissan Nissan has also announced its interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and has declared that it is ready to mass produce hydrogen fuel cell cars by 2015 (Source http //www. irstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) 4. 2. 3 Europe Europe is not left behind in this research. All the major brands BMW, Mercedes Volkswagen etc have shown interest in hydrogen fuel cell, but at the same time have said hydrogen fuel cell will take at least 10 more years to commercialize. 4. 2. 4 India India is the place where we can say Christensens framework is applicable perfectly. Here the auto rickshaw for the lower end market has been made using hydrogen fuel cell. t was displayed at pragati maidan in January 2012 and is expected to hit the road by 2015. Source http//www. nytimes. com/2012/10/02/business/energy-environment/hydrogen-fuels-autorickshaws-and-dreams-of-cleaner-air. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0) Apart from this biggies like TATA Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra have shown interest in this area. Tata Motors have manufactured the bus based on hydrogen fuel cell technology known as starbus. Following figure s hows the Auto Rickshaw and the Hydrogen fuel cell BusFigure 5 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in india Following are some of the comments from various high profile executives from various companies * Executives from Ford, General Motors, Chrysler and Volkswagen see fuel-cell vehicles as being further out, and most have not said when theyll have vehicles on the market. * We dont see it as early as Toyota does, said Oliver Schmidt, general manager of engineering with the VW Group. We see it in the 2020 time frame. * Joe Bakaj, Ford vice president of powertrain engineering, said, The question is when (will) fuel-cell vehicles become affordable to customers, specifically when the fuel-cell stack competes with the battery pack on cost. * Within 10 years, I think they will be as affordable as full battery vehicles, and the fuel cell will have a big advantage in range, Bakaj said. We think it will happen in the next 10 years. * Gary Smyth, GM executive director working on global research and development, said he sees little commitment in the U. S. to the necessary infrastructure by 2015. Source http//content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1. UHFOcE3Mj38) Part from all this various other countries and companies have shown immense amount of interest in hydrogen fuel cell Recently Korea and Korean company Hyundai has also announced an hydrogen fuel cell vehicle launch by 2015. So the major companies all around the world and the allied companies are responding really well to the upcoming technology of hydrogen fuel cell and all of them are doing their bit to save the environment. 5 ConclusionIt is very clear from the above assignment that hydrogen fuel cell is the future of the world. It is definitely one of the biggest disruptive technologies of all time. Biggest because, once the technology is commercialized, many big players all around the world will have to change their base of technology. Technolog y innovation and upcoming technologies are posing threat on the current industry and are eventually forcing companies out of business. New technologies are exerting power to shape the market and change the basis of the competition. Hence, it is important for the companies to continuously assess the technologies and capabilities.